Higher levels of stress, hostility and depressive symptoms are associated with significantly increased risk of stroke or transient ischaemic attack in middle-age and older adults, according to new research in the American Heart Association journal Stroke.
A transient ischaemic attack is a stroke caused by a temporary blockage of blood flow to the brain.
Researchers investigated how psychological factors might influence risk for chronic disease, using data from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA), an ongoing study on cardiovascular disease risk factors in participants living in six US cities.
More than 6,700 adults (ages 45-84; 53% women) completed questionnaires assessing chronic stress, depressive symptoms, anger and hostility over two years. Participants were 38.5% white, 27.8% African-American, 11.8% Chinese and 21.9% Hispanic. All were free of cardiovascular disease at the start of the study.
In follow-up for an additional 8.5 to 11 years, 147 strokes and 48 transient ischaemic attacks occurred.
Compared to people with the lowest psychological scores, those with highest scores were:
- 86% more likely to have a stroke or transient ischaemic attack for high depressive symptoms.
- 59% more likely to have a stroke or transient ischaemic attack for the highest chronic stress scores.
- More than twice as likely to have a stroke or transient ischaemic attack for the highest hostility scores.
No significant increased risk was linked to anger.
“There is such a focus on traditional risk factors — cholesterol levels, blood pressure, smoking and so forth — and those are all very important, but studies like this one show that psychological characteristics are equally important,” says Susan Everson-Rose, study lead author and associate professor of medicine at the University of Minnesota in Minneapolis, USA.
These associations noted in the study were significant even when researchers accounted for age, race, sex, health behaviours and other known risk factors of stroke.
“Given our ageing population, it is important to consider these other factors that might play a role in disease risk. Stroke is a disease of the elderly predominantly, and so learning more about things that can influence risk for stroke as people age is important.”
Researchers measured chronic stress in five domains: personal health problems, health problems of others close to the participant, job or ability to work, relationships and finances.
They assessed depressive symptoms with a 20-question scale and analysed anger with a 10-item scale that captured the extent and frequency of experiencing that emotion. Hostility, which is a negative way of viewing the world, was measured by assessing a person’s cynical expectations of other people’s motives.
“One thing we did not assess is coping strategies,” Everson-Rose says. “If someone is experiencing depressive symptoms or feeling a lot of stress or hostility, we don’t know how they manage those, so it’s possible that positive coping strategies could ameliorate some of these associations or effects,” she says. “We did not inquire about coping. I would say that is one of the tasks for future studies.”
Researchers did not identify potential racial and ethnic differences or sex differences in the observed associations, but were not able to fully examine such differences due to the smaller numbers of strokes in some groups.
Co-authors are Nicholas Roetker; Pamela Lutsey; Kiarri Kershaw; W T Longstreth Jr; Ralph Sacco; Ana Diez Roux; Alvaro Alonso. Author disclosures are on the manuscript.
The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute funded the study.
