Research to be presented at the International Stroke Conference (ISC) 2021 meeting (17–19 March, virtual) reports that neighbourhoods affected by the historic housing policies in the USA known as redlining were associated with higher rates of stroke.
Investigators report that redlining policies were discriminatory housing policies that restricted the sale or purchase of homes by race (discriminating largely against the Black population) in certain neighbourhoods across the USA. These policies were established nearly a century ago and outlawed by the Fair Housing Act of 1968.
“Differences in stroke rates, whether we are studying ischaemic or haemorrhagic stroke, are usually attributed to biological differences or differences in underlying conditions,” said lead study author Jeffrey J Wing, an assistant professor of epidemiology in the College of Public Health at The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA. “Yet, our findings suggest the difference we found in the Columbus area may actually be the result of structural racism.”
According to researchers, beginning in 1936, the Home Owners’ Loan Corporation began restricting the sale of homes in certain neighbourhoods across the country by redlining or marking neighbourhoods by “risk for investment,” which equated to race. As a result, residents who lived within these redlined areas were denied home loans, which lowered tax revenues in these communities, thereby reducing investment in schools and services, and creating numerous inequities for residents for multiple generations.
“Even though redlining was abolished in 1968, redlining is a form of structural racism that perpetuated segregation and racial inequities. Accumulating evidence shows this divisive and exclusionary housing practice continues to have long-term effects on the health of many people, even today—more than 80 years later,” said study co-author Helen Meier, an assistant research scientist at the University of Michigan’s Institute for Social Research, Ann Arbour, USA. “Our study is one of the first to link historic redlining in a US city to frequency of stroke.”
Researchers examined the association between the discriminatory housing policies of redlining and stroke rates in Columbus neighbourhoods in 2017. They calculated historic redlining scores for neighbourhoods within the boundaries of Columbus based on the degree of redlining. Thus, the greater the redlining, the higher the redlining score.
Researchers then matched the redlining scores with stroke rates measured in the same neighbourhoods from the 500 Cities Project. The 500 Cities Project is from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and reports on 27 chronic disease measures for the 500 largest American cities in all 50 states, quantified by city and census tract-level data. They assessed the association between historic redlining scores and stroke rates across neighbourhoods in Columbus in 2017.
Researchers found:
- Higher historic redlining scores were associated with greater rates of stroke, when comparing the highest to the lowest quartile of historic redlining scores.
- Neighbourhoods in the highest group of historic redlining scores had a 1.48% higher stroke rate, compared to those with the lowest redlining scores.
“As different cities across the country declare racism as a public health crisis, it is important to have more research that shows the link between racism and health disparities,” Wing said. “Our research has the potential to help change how we treat and care for all individuals and promote equitable access to care that can lead to improved health outcomes.”
“Health disparities in stroke are going to persist until we address the legacy of structural racism, of which historical redlining is one form,” Meier said. “It is important to document the significant, negative impacts of structural racism on health.”
Study limitations include people who had a history of stroke may not have always resided in the same census tract, leading to unmeasured variability in redlining exposure. In addition, this is an ecologic-designed study, where redlining exposure was combined with stroke rate to a neighbourhood level, which limits the assessment of individual associations, Wing added.
