Electrical brain stimulation could support stroke recovery

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Applying an electric current to the brain can help recovery from stroke, Oxford University researchers have found. Their research is published in Science Translational Medicine.

A team from Oxford’s Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, led by Heidi Johansen-Berg and Charlotte Stagg, studied the use of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) to support rehabilitation training.

In this case, the team used a variant called ipsilesional anodal tDCS. Anodal stimulation has previously been shown to increase the learning of motor skills in healthy people. The hope was that this effect could also be demonstrated in stroke patients, using tDCS to reinforce training that helps patients relearn how to use their body.

Heidi Johansen-Berg says, “For stroke patients, longer and more intensive training leads to greater recovery. However, cost and staff availability limit what can be provided. That means that there is increasing interest in therapies that can be used to boost the effects of training.”

The study included twenty-four volunteers who had had a stroke affecting their hand and arm function, split into two groups. Both groups were given nine days of motor training. One group had tDCS during the training sessions, while the other group acted as a control.

Before, and at various times up to three months after the training, the volunteers’ motor skills were assessed using established clinical measures to see how much they had improved.

Johansen-Berg says, “The assessments before the training were used to establish a baseline score for motor skills. Further assessments could then be used to determine what improvement there was above that baseline.

“Three months after training, the group that had received tDCS had improved more on our clinical measures than those in the control group. This showed that the patients who had received tDCS were better able to use their hands and arms for movements such as lifting, reaching and grasping objects.”

Magnetic resonance imaging scans also showed that those who had had tDCS had more activity in the relevant brain areas for motor skills than the control group.

Study volunteer Jan says, “The training was exhausting— like being in the gym every day, but it was huge fun…I have definitely improved and benefited. People who haven’t seen me say ‘wow – you can move better now’.”

The research team conclude that there is positive evidence for the use of tDCS to aid stroke recovery but caution that the technique must be proved to have long term benefits not only in clinical measurements but also in the ability to carry out tasks important to daily life. Larger studies, they say, will be needed before this approach could enter routine clinical care.